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Browse our complete A-Z directory of healthcare terms and entities.
Showing 156 entries starting with "A" of type "Conditions"
Learn how to connect with family, friends, and others for support with health issues.
One of the most difficult things about parenting a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is getting your child to do what you ask. Daily routines, such as getting ready for school or bed and getting homework done, can become battlegrounds. ADHD symptoms—inattention, impulsivity, and...
Social skills training helps the child or adult who has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) be less aggressive and impulsive, manage anger, and behave in a more socially acceptable way. Techniques include: Coaching. Role-playing. Watching videotapes of positive behavior. Practicing ways to settle conflicts...
The child who is being evaluated for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may be evaluated for other disorders associated with the condition, such as learning or behavior disorders. The child may be asked questions (verbal tests) or may be given written tests to evaluate his or her intellectual abilities...
An aortic aneurysm is a stretched and bulging section in the wall of the aorta. The aorta is the large artery that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. An abdominal aortic aneurysm happens in the section of the aorta that is in the belly.
An abnormal heartbeat (arrhythmia) is any variation in the normal heartbeat. Abnormal heartbeats occur when the heart has an irregular heart rhythm, beats too fast (tachycardia), or beats too slow (bradycardia). The electrical system of the heart creates signals that trigger the heart to pump. These electrical signals...
Follow-up for an abnormal Pap test may include a colposcopy. The doctor uses a microscope (colposcope) to look at the cervix. Smooth, pink tissue indicates a normal cervix. Abnormal cells growing on the cervix may be cervical cancer or cell changes that could lead to cervical cancer.
Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is irregular bleeding from the uterus that is longer or heavier than usual or does not occur at your regular time. For example, you may have heavy bleeding during your period or in between periods. Bleeding during pregnancy is a different problem. If you are pregnant and have any amount...
An absence seizure is a brief—5 to 15 seconds—but total loss of awareness that occurs suddenly without any warning and ends as suddenly as it begins. Absence seizures are most common in childhood and occur in people with generalized epilepsy of unknown cause. The face muscles may twitch during the seizure. Although the...
Adults with physical, mental, or emotional disabilities are more vulnerable than other adults because they are not as independent. They may have a hard time making decisions. Or they may have problems controlling their behavior. Along with older adults, these vulnerable adults have a higher risk of being abused by...
Acanthosis nigricans is a skin condition that results in darkened skin and velvety growths that look like warts. These skin changes can occur under the arm, on the back of the neck, over finger and toe joints, or in the groin and genital area. In adults, acanthosis nigricans may be a sign of disorders of...
Acetaminophen, such as Tylenol, helps reduce fever and relieve pain. It does not reduce inflammation, as do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, but it also is less likely to cause stomach upset and other side effects. Be sure to follow these medicine precautions. Your child's...
Example(s): Tylenol (acetaminophen)
Covers acetaminophen to treat osteoarthritis. Lists generic and brand names such as Tylenol. Looks at why they are used and how well they work. Includes possible side effects, which are rare.
Achilles paratenonitis is inflammation of the covering of the Achilles tendon, which connects the calf muscles to the heel bone. It can cause scarring that restricts the motion of the Achilles tendon. Achilles paratenonitis is caused by overuse or repeated movements and poorly fitted shoes. It is frequently seen in...
A tendon attaches muscle to bone. The Achilles tendon, also called the heel cord, attaches the calf muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) to the heel bone (calcaneus). It is the largest tendon in the body and withstands a large amount of weight with each foot movement. The Achilles tendon allows the foot to point downward...
Courtesy of Intermountain Medical Imaging, Boise, Idaho. Figure 1 shows magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of a normal heel and Achilles tendon. Figure 2 shows a torn Achilles tendon with fluid collected at the site of the tear.
Rehabilitation (rehab) and/or physical therapy are the usual treatment for an Achilles tendon injury. For Achilles tendinopathy, physical therapy can decrease your pain. It can allow you to gradually return to your normal activities. For an Achilles tendon rupture, you can try a rehab program after surgery to repair the...
The Achilles tendon connects the calf muscle to the heel bone. In an Achilles tendon rupture, the tendon is completely torn.
Guides you through the decision to see a doctor for acne. Covers symptoms like pimples and blackheads. Looks at treating with medicines like benzoyl peroxide (nonprescription) and isotretinoin (prescription). Includes interactive tool to help you make your decision.
Alpha hydroxy acids such as lactic acid, mandelic acid, and glycolic acid (for example, Alpha Hydrox) are often used in products to treat acne. These products work by drying up whiteheads, blackheads, and pimples and causing the top layer of your skin to peel. Skin care products that have AHAs are generally safe to use...
An acoustic neuroma is a noncancerous growth or tumor on the auditory nerve near the inner ear. The auditory nerve carries sound impulses from the ear to the brain. An acoustic neuroma grows slowly and can cause hearing loss in the affected ear. Although the growth is not cancerous, it can press on other nerves...
Actinic lentigines ("liver spots," "sun spots," or "age spots") are small, gray-brown spots that appear on the wrists, backs of the hands, forearms, and face. Actinic lentigines are not a type of skin cancer, do not progress to become skin cancer, and do not require any treatment. But rapid change in one of these spots...
An active ingredient is a substance in a product that has an effect on the body. It can affect one part of the body (such as the skin) or the entire body. A product can have more than one active ingredient. The active ingredient of a product is listed on its box or packaging. Also,...
Most men who are diagnosed with prostate cancer have localized cancer, which means that the cancer hasn't spread outside the prostate. Some men who have localized prostate cancer choose active surveillance, which allows them to avoid or delay having surgery or radiation. Active surveillance is an option for men with...
Active surveillance and watchful waiting are wait-and-see approaches for cancer. They are used because you may get better (or not get worse) without treatment. And if the cancer continues to grow or spread, you and your doctor will decide what to do next. Active surveillance means that you are being watched closely by...
Acupressure may help relieve or shorten the duration of your morning sickness symptoms. Acupressure is based on Eastern medicine practices used to open up blocked energy pathways in the body. Instead of using acupuncture needles, you or a practitioner presses on a small area of the body to treat a given ailment...
This cancer information summary provides an overview of the use of acupuncture as a treatment for individuals with cancer or cancer-related disorders. The summary includes a brief history of acupuncture practice, a review of laboratory and animal studies, the results of clinical observations and trials, and possible...
Acupuncture applies needles, heat, pressure, and other treatments to one or more places on the skin known as acupuncture points (see Question 1). Clinical trials report the use of acupuncture relieves nausea and vomiting from anticancer therapies (see Question 5). Other trials have studied the use of acupuncture in...
Acute bronchitis is inflammation of the tubes that carry air to the lungs (bronchial tubes). When these tubes are inflamed, they swell and produce mucus. Acute bronchitis usually develops rapidly and lasts 2 to 3 weeks in otherwise healthy people.
Kidney failure occurs when the kidneys lose their ability to function. To treat kidney failure effectively, it is important to know whether kidney disease has developed suddenly (acute) or over the long term (chronic). Many conditions, diseases, and medicines can create situations that lead to acute and chronic kidney...
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a type of cancer that causes the body to make too many white blood cells (lymphocytes). But these lymphocytes, called leukemia cells, cannot fight infection very well. When leukemia cells build up in the blood and bone marrow, there is less room for healthy blood cells. This can...
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an emergency situation in which fluid buildup in the lungs causes breathing failure. Acute respiratory distress syndrome occurs most often in people who are being treated for another serious illness or injury, including infections, trauma, and exposure to toxic chemicals...
Acyanotic heart defects are heart problems that develop before or at birth but do not normally interfere with the amount of oxygen or blood that reaches the body's tissues. Acyanotic heart defects include ventricular septal defect (VSD), atrial septal defect (ASD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), pulmonary valve...
Dr. Adam Husney is the Chief Medical Officer for Healthwise, a nonprofit organization with a mission to help people make better health decisions. Previously, Dr. Husney was a family medicine physician at Boise Minor Emergency Center, PA, and the Urgent Care Medical Director for Saint Alphonsus Medical Group in Boise...
Addiction psychiatrists are medical doctors who specialize in the treatment of people who have substance use disorder. This includes substances like alcohol, medicines, or illegal drugs. Addiction psychiatrists can be board-certified through the Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, which is recognized by the American...
Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the outer layer of the adrenal gland. There are two adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are small and shaped like a triangle. One adrenal gland sits on top of each kidney. Each adrenal gland has two parts. The outer layer of the...
Adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). Adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL; also called acute lymphocytic leukemia) is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. This type of cancer usually gets worse quickly if it is...
Incidence and Mortality Estimated new cases and deaths from HL in the United States in 2019: New cases: 8,110. Deaths: 1,000. More than 75% of all newly diagnosed patients with adult HL can be cured with combination chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Over the last five decades, U.S. national mortality has...
After getting approval from several expert groups, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the following immunization schedule for adults. You can view it online at www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/index.html.
Adult primary liver cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the liver. The liver is one of the largest organs in the body. It has two lobes and fills the upper right side of the abdomen inside the rib cage. Three of the many important functions of the...
Adult soft tissue sarcoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the soft tissues of the body. The soft tissues of the body include the muscles, tendons (bands of fiber that connect muscles to bones), fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, and tissues around joints. Adult soft tissue sarcomas can...
Guides through decision to stop kidney dialysis for kidney failure. Covers key factors in decision. Covers benefits and risks. Discusses what happens after dialysis is stopped. Offers interactive tool to help you make your decision.
An advance directive is a legal form you fill out to say what kinds of medical care you want if you aren't able to make decisions for yourself. It tells your family and your doctor what to do if you're badly hurt or have a serious illness that keeps you from saying what you want....
Learn how advance directives let others know your care preferences when you can't speak for yourself.
Learn what to expect and what you'll need to know to take care of your baby at home after the NICU.
Normal changes occur in your feet as you age. Feet tend to spread, possibly causing shoe size to change. Have your feet measured each time you buy shoes. Do not assume that your shoe size has not changed. The bottoms of the feet lose the fatty pads (especially the heel pad) that cushion the feet....
Age-related hearing loss, known as presbycusis, affects most older adults to some degree. The most frequent cause of age-related hearing loss is the natural breakdown of nerve cells in the inner ear . Sound reaches the inner ear, but the breakdown of nerve cells prevents proper hearing. This is known as sensorineural...
What is age-related macular degeneration? Age-related macular degeneration is a disease that causes blurring of your central vision. The blurring happens because of damage to the macula, a small area at the back of the eye . The macula helps you see the fine detail in things that your eyes are focusing on. Macular...
Alcohol poisoning occurs when a person consumes an excessive amount of alcohol. Alcohol can depress or stop nerve signals that control breathing and the gag reflex that prevents choking; alcohol poisoning is a serious condition that can lead to irreversible brain damage or death if not treated immediately. Signs of...
Helping a person to stop drinking can: Reduce possible health problems and injuries caused by alcohol use. Ease family conflicts or other relationship problems. Reduce legal problems caused by alcohol use.
You can take steps today to stop drinking. Your first step might be to see your doctor, contact a support group, or set a date in the near future to stop. While some people can stop drinking on their own, others need medical help to manage the physical process of withdrawal. If you think you...
During pregnancy, everything you eat, drink, or take into your body affects you and your growing baby ( fetus ). Pregnant women often need to make changes to have a healthy pregnancy, such as eating better or exercising. But one of the most important things you can do when you are pregnant is to avoid...
Alcohol use disorder means that a person drinks alcohol even though it causes harm to themselves or others. Some people who use alcohol may develop alcohol use disorder. This can range from mild to severe. The more signs of this disorder you have, the more severe it may be. Moderate to severe alcohol use disorder...
Learn the signs of possible risky use of alcohol and think about the role alcohol plays in your life.
Hear how others found the motivation to change their relationship to alcohol.
Beer, wine, and liquor (distilled spirits) are alcoholic beverages. The following common alcoholic beverages contain equal amounts of alcohol: One 12 fl oz (354.9 mL) bottle of beer or wine cooler One 5 fl oz (147.9 mL) glass of wine One mixed drink containing 1.5 fl oz (44.4 mL) of 80-proof liquor, such as gin...
An aldosterone test measures the level of aldosterone (a hormone made by the adrenal glands ), in the blood. Aldosterone helps regulate sodium and potassium levels in the body. This helps control blood pressure and the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the blood. The kidney hormone renin normally stimulates the...
An aldosterone test measures the level of aldosterone (a hormone made by the adrenal glands ) in the urine. Aldosterone helps regulate sodium and potassium levels in the body. This helps control blood pressure and the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the blood. The kidney hormone renin normally stimulates the...
The blood supply to your hand normally comes from two arteries: the radial artery and the ulnar artery. Before drawing blood for an arterial blood gas test, your health professional will make sure that both arteries are open and working correctly. A procedure called the Allen test may be used to find out if the...
Particles in the air (called allergens) can cause allergy symptoms such as sneezing; runny nose; itchy, watery eyes; and itchy ears, nose, and throat.
Covers commons allergies, including food, medicine, insect stings, and animals. Covers seasonal allergies like hay fever. Offers home treatment and prevention tips. Includes interactive tool to help you decide when to call a doctor.
Allergy to metal An allergic reaction to metal is an overreaction of the body's immune system to a substance (allergen) in a metal. An allergic reaction to metal can cause intense swelling, pain, and itching. Nickel is the most common metal allergen. Jewelry that does not trigger an allergic reaction is made from...
Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction. If your child has had a severe allergic reaction in the past, you know how frightening it can be. Symptoms of breathing problems, itching, nausea or vomiting, and swelling can come on quickly and become life-threatening. Giving your child an epinephrine shot can slow down or...
Discusses ways to avoid indoor allergy triggers. Covers common indoor allergens such as dust mites and pet dander. Covers reasons to avoid them. Offers cleaning tips to reduce allergens in the home.
Accelerated, or rush, immunotherapy is done very quickly to increase your tolerance to an allergen. There are different schedules for the shots that try to achieve a maintenance dose more quickly than standard immunotherapy. For example, a rush immunotherapy schedule might include: Shots given every few hours instead of...
Allergy shots are a type of immunotherapy to help treat allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. Small doses of substances (allergens) are injected under the skin. This may help your immune system reduce or eliminate sensitivity to the allergen that causes an allergic reaction. A doctor will do skin or blood tests to find...
Explains what allergy-shot immunotherapy is, why it is done, and what allergies it can help. Covers how it is done, how well it works, and what to expect after treatment. Covers risk factors.
Allergy shots are a type of immunotherapy treatment in which small doses of substances to which you are allergic ( allergens ) are injected under your skin. Over time, your body may become less responsive to the allergens, which means you may have fewer symptoms. Allergy shots are given after careful skin testing for an...
What is latex allergy? Latex is natural rubber, a product made primarily from the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis. Some people develop allergic reactions after repeated contact with latex, especially latex gloves. Allergy to latex is an increasing health problem. What are the symptoms? Latex reactions can vary from...
What is a stem cell transplant? Most stem cells are in your bone marrow. You also have some that circulate from your marrow into your blood. Bone marrow stem cells turn into red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets to help your body stay healthy. If your bone marrow is damaged or destroyed, it...
What is alopecia areata? Alopecia areata is a type of hair loss that occurs when your immune system mistakenly attacks hair follicles , which is where hair growth begins. The damage to the follicle is usually not permanent. Experts do not know why the immune system attacks the follicles. Alopecia areata is most common...
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a protein normally found in the lungs and the bloodstream. It helps protect the lungs from diseases such as emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Some people do not make enough of this protein or they make an abnormal type of AAT, either of which can cause AAT...
Guides you through decision to put a relative who has Alzheimer's or other dementia in long-term care. Lists reasons for and against. Covers types of long-term facilities available. Includes interactive tool to help you make your decision.
An ambulatory electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) records the electrical activity of your heart while you do your usual activities. Ambulatory means that you are able to walk during the test. This type of monitoring may also be called ambulatory EKG, Holter monitoring, 24-hour EKG, or cardiac event monitoring. Many heart...
Amylase is an enzyme that changes complex sugars (starches) into simple sugars during digestion. Levels of amylase in the blood can be used to help diagnose and monitor diseases, such as diseases of the pancreas and salivary glands, or to determine whether the intestines have been damaged. There are two kinds of amylase...
What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, is a disease in which certain nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord slowly die. These nerve cells are called motor neurons, and they control the muscles that allow you to move the parts of your body. ALS is also called Lou Gehrig's disease...
The respiratory system includes the trachea (windpipe), two bronchi (one bronchus branching into each lung), the lungs, and the bronchioles (smaller airways in the lungs). The right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has two lobes.
The prostate gland is a small, walnut-shaped organ that lies just below a man's bladder. It surrounds the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body through the penis. The prostate gland produces most of the fluid in semen.
Dr. Elvenski reviews medical content for Healthwise, a nonprofit organization with a mission to help people make better health decisions.
Androgens, such as testosterone, are male sex hormones that produce male sexual characteristics; androgens are also present at low levels in women. These hormones are important to the healthy functioning of many parts of the body. Androgens are used to treat men whose hormone levels have decreased.
Learn about an epidural for labor: what it is, how it's done, and its safety and side effects.
Angina is a symptom of heart disease. Angina happens when there is not enough blood flow to the heart muscle. This is often a result of narrowed blood vessels, usually caused by hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Most people feel angina symptoms in their chest. The most common symptom is chest pain or...
Most people feel angina symptoms in the chest. The most common symptom is chest pain or pressure, or a strange feeling in the chest. But you might feel symptoms in other parts of your body. Some people feel pain, pressure, or a strange feeling in the back, neck, jaw, or upper belly, or in one...
Courtesy of Intermountain Medical Imaging, Boise, Idaho. All rights reserved. An angiogram is an X-ray test done to take pictures of the blood flow in an artery or vein. During the test, you lie on a table and a dye is injected into a blood vessel in the groin or elbow. A special camera takes...
Courtesy of Intermountain Medical Imaging, Boise, Idaho. Many people have more than one artery for blood flow to the kidneys. Figure 1 is an angiogram showing the main artery supplying blood flow to the kidney. Figure 2 is an angiogram showing a second artery helping to supply blood to the kidney.
Courtesy of Intermountain Medical Imaging, Boise, Idaho. Figure 1 shows an angiogram (a type of X-ray) of a normal neck artery (carotid artery) with smooth walls. Figure 2 shows a narrowed carotid artery with ulcerated plaque (the surface of the plaque is irregular and broken) that is the source of clots. If clots...
Both medical therapy alone (lifestyle changes and taking medicines) and angioplasty plus medical therapy can relieve angina. Angioplasty improves angina sooner. But over time, both treatments work the same to ease symptoms and improve quality of life. After 3 months: Out of 100 of people who had angioplasty plus medical...
Out of 100 people who have angioplasty, about 1 will have serious bleeding or damage to a blood vessel from the catheter; about 1 to 2 will have damage to the coronary artery; about 1 will have a stroke or need emergency bypass surgery; and about 1 will die. The information shown here is based...
Learn how angioplasty opens narrowed or blocked arteries to help you avoid a heart attack.
Make sure you know about each of the medicines you take. This includes why you take it, how to take it, what you can expect while you're taking it, and any warnings about the medicine. The information provided here is general. So be sure to read the information that came with your medicine. If you...
Covers medicines to lower blood pressure and heart's workload. Includes use in people with diabetes. Lists generic and brand names, such as benazepril (Lotensin) and enalapril (Vasotec). Info includes how well ACE inhibitors work and side effects.
Angular cheilitis (also called perlèche, cheilosis, or stomatitis) is a condition with deep cracks and splits at the corners of the mouth. If severe, the splits or cracks may bleed when the mouth is opened and a shallow ulcer or a crust may form. Possible causes of angular cheilitis include: Infection. Fungal infections...
Animal dander is loose skin cells (like dandruff) from animals such as dogs and cats. These skin cells, which contain secretions from glands in the animal's skin, float in the air, where they may be breathed in by people. Animal dander is an allergen. Animal fur or hair is not an allergen. When a person...
A bite injury may need to be closed by a health professional, may require antibiotic medicines, or both. The decision to close a wound with stitches, staples, or skin adhesive depends on: The type of biting animal. The size and location of the bite. The time that has passed since the bite occurred. The general...
Anorexia nervosa (say "an-uh-RECK-see-uh nur-VOH-suh") is an eating disorder that causes a person to eat very little because of an intense fear of gaining weight. People who have it severely restrict their food intake and can become dangerously thin. If it goes on for a long time, it can cause serious health problems or...
People who have anorexia often have difficulty at mealtimes. If mealtime is a stressful time for you, try something different. During meals: Try to eat slowly and gradually. Do not allow yourself to get overwhelmed by the idea of eating a meal. Talk with other people about things that interest you. Avoid talking about...
What is anosmia? Anosmia (say "ay-NAWZ-mee-uh") is the loss of the sense of smell. It can be a problem by itself or a symptom of another health problem. It can last a short time, such as when you have a stuffy nose from a cold, or it can be permanent. Some people have a reduced...
An anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a tear in one of the knee ligaments that join the upper leg bone to the lower leg bone. The ACL helps keep your knee stable. Your ACL can be injured if your knee joint is bent backward, twisted, or bent side to side. The chance of injury...
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is a blood-clotting disorder that makes the blood clot too easily. This can lead to mild or severe blood-clotting complications, including miscarriage, serious pregnancy problems, stroke, heart problems, and blood clots in the legs or lungs. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is caused...
Antiphospholipid syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that has been closely linked to some cases of recurrent miscarriage. This syndrome increases blood clotting. It can cause dangerous blood clots (thrombosis) and problems with blood flow. For some women, the only sign of this condition is an early miscarriage. Or...
An antisperm antibody test looks for special proteins ( antibodies ) that fight against a man's sperm in blood, vaginal fluids, or semen. The test uses a sample of sperm and adds a substance that binds only to affected sperm. Semen can cause an immune system response in either the man's or woman's body. The...
Aortic valve regurgitation is the backflow of blood from the aorta through the aortic valve into the left ventricle. If enough blood flows back into the heart, it can increase the workload on the left ventricle (lower left chamber), causing damage. When the heart pumps, the aortic valve opens to let oxygen-rich blood...
Aortobifemoral bypass surgery is used to bypass a narrowed or blocked part of the large blood vessels in the abdomen and groin. To bypass the diseased part of the blood vessel, blood is redirected through a graft. The graft is made of man-made material. This graft is sewn above and below the diseased vessel so...
Print this form and fill in Section 1 before your appointment. Complete section 2 at the end of your appointment if you have a health problem that needs treatment. Section 1 Health information What questions or concerns do I want addressed during this appointment? My symptoms Do I have any symptoms? Include how long...
Dr. Arden G. Christen reviews medical content for Healthwise, a nonprofit organization with a mission to help people make better health decisions. His interests include preventive dentistry, motivation and persuasion, psychology, dental history and ethics, radiography, chemical dependency, addictionology, smokeless...
Covers problems like swelling or arm pain caused by overuse, arthritis, and hormone changes. Links to info on bursitis and osteoarthritis. Includes tool to help you decide when to call a doctor. Offers home treatment and prevention tips.
Discusses aromatherapy (essential oils therapy) to treat disease. Includes oils that are put on the skin or in bath water, sprayed, inhaled, or massaged. Looks at uses to relax, relieve stress, and treat illness. Covers safety.
Is it safe for you to have sex? If you have an arrhythmia and your doctor says that it's okay for you to do moderate activity, like brisk walking, then it's probably safe for you to have sex. If you have any concerns, ask your doctor. Your doctor can check the health of your heart...
Giant cell arteritis can inflame the arteries that carry blood up to the head and those that carry blood within the head.
Knee shots, or injections, can help you cope with the pain from arthritis and help you be more active.
Guides through decision to have knee replacement surgery for osteoarthritis. Describes other surgeries and treatment options used to decrease osteoarthritis pain. Covers benefits and risks. Includes an interactive tool to help you make your decision.
Discusses arthroplasty, joint replacement surgery for conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. Covers why it is done. Also covers how well it works and the risks.
Discusses arthroscopic surgery, used to treat joint pain for those with rheumatoid arthritis. Covers how well it works and the risks.
Dr. Arvydas D. Vanagunas reviews medical content for Healthwise, a nonprofit organization with a mission to help people make better health decisions. Dr. Vanagunas is a Professor of Medicine at the Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago, Illinois, and is a distinguished teacher in the field of gastroenterology. He has...
Asperger's syndrome is a disorder that makes it hard to understand how to behave in social situations. People with Asperger's may not recognize verbal and nonverbal cues or understand normal social rules, such as taking turns talking or recognizing personal space. Both Asperger's syndrome and autism belong to the group...
Reye syndrome is a rare disease that occurs almost exclusively in children younger than age 15 and can cause severe liver and brain damage. Taking aspirin during a viral infection seems to significantly raise the risk of developing Reye syndrome, so do not give aspirin to anyone younger than age 20 unless told to do...
Guides people who have not had a heart attack or a stroke through decision to take daily aspirin. Discusses benefits and risks. Looks at who can take daily aspirin. Includes interactive tool to help you decide.
Whether you want to think about kicking your tobacco habit or not, you might find it interesting to take a look at the ways tobacco has worked its way into your everyday life. Check your response: Rarely Sometimes Often Smoking or chewing tobacco is something I do when I'm out having a good time with...
Assistive devices and orthotics are tools that help you hold objects, open and close things, transfer weight while shifting positions, or walk. It is important to find a balance between use and rest of a painful (arthritic) joint. When exercise is not enough to control pain, assistive devices and orthotics may help to...
Learn how following an asthma action plan can help you take control of your asthma.
An asthma diary helps you keep track of how well you are managing your asthma. If you have symptoms or an asthma attack, record the trigger (if possible), the symptoms, and what kind of medicine you used for relief and how well it worked. Also note if you had to contact your doctor or seek...
Week of ________________________ If I use a peak flow meter: My personal best peak expiratory flow (PEF) is ________ . My PEF for green zone is ___________ liters per second (80% to 100% of my personal best*). My PEF for yellow zone is ___________ liters per second (50% to less than 80% of my personal...
Covers questions about asthma during pregnancy and labor. Looks at treatment with medicines including inhaled albuterol, budesonide, salmeterol, and formoterol. Includes treatment of allergies. Covers safety of steroids for pregnant mother and baby.
An asthma trigger is a factor that can lead to sudden difficulty breathing or other symptoms of asthma ( asthma attack ). Some triggers are substances a person may be allergic to ( allergens ). Allergens cause the body's natural defenses ( immune system ) to produce chemicals called immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies...
Wheezing is a whistling noise that occurs when the bronchial tubes , which carry air to the lungs, narrow because of inflammation or mucus buildup. Wheezing is often present in asthma. During an asthma attack, the bronchial tubes become smaller. At first, the person may wheeze when breathing out. As the attack becomes...
Covers helping a child with asthma use a metered-dose inhaler with mask spacer. Explains that a metered dose inhaler delivers a measured dose of medicine directly to the lungs. Includes pictures on how to use metered-dose inhaler with mask spacer.
Diagnosis and treatment of asthma can be a challenge if you are age 65 or older. You might have another medical condition that masks your asthma. Or you may be more likely to have side effects from asthma medicines or be at risk for reactions from the different medicines you may be taking. To treat...
Asthma is a challenging condition. It can affect all areas of your child's life. Many children with asthma miss school days. When this happens, have your child call a friend to ask about the work he or she missed. Doing this both keeps your child's schoolwork current and provides him or her with the social...
Learn ways to prevent a return trip to the emergency room for your child with asthma.
As someone with asthma, you know how important it is to monitor your condition. Your doctor may want you to know how well your lungs are "working." Is their ability to move air in and out staying the same, or is it getting better or worse? When you monitor your asthma, you can control it....
Covers using an asthma action plan for asthma attacks. Explains green, yellow, and red zones in an action plan. Covers what medicines to take in each zone. Reviews what to do if an attack becomes an emergency.
Athlete's foot is a rash on the skin of your foot caused by a fungus. It can cause itching, peeling, and cracking on the bottoms of the feet and between the toes. You can get it by walking barefoot on contaminated surfaces near swimming pools or in locker rooms. After you have had athlete's foot,...
Athlete's heart syndrome is enlargement of the heart muscle that develops in people who exercise regularly and vigorously. The changes in the heart may be mistaken for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which can cause life-threatening heart rhythms and sudden death. But athlete's heart syndrome is harmless. When an athlete...
Athlete's foot is a fungal infection of the skin. Moccasin-type athlete's foot may begin with minor irritation, dryness, itching, burning, or scaly skin on the sole and heel of the foot. It then progresses to thickened, cracked, peeling skin. In severe cases, the toenails become infected. They can thicken, crumble, and...
Athlete's foot is a fungal infection of the skin. Toe web type athlete's foot often begins with skin that seems moist and pale white. Itching, burning, and a slight odor are often noticeable. As the infection progresses, the skin between the toes becomes scaly, peels, and cracks. Toe web infection is the most common...
Athlete's foot is a fungal infection of the skin. A vesicular (blister) infection usually begins with a sudden outbreak of fluid-filled areas under the skin. The blisters most often develop on the skin of the instep but may also develop between the toes, on the heel, or on the sole or top of the foot.
Atopic dermatitis, also called eczema, is a skin condition that causes intense itching. It may cause a red, raised rash. In severe cases, the rash develops bumps that look like little blisters. For some people, eczema may be a long-lasting (chronic) skin problem that requires more than one treatment. In infants, it...
Discusses atrial fibrillation, an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia). Covers causes, including high blood pressure and CAD. Discusses what increases your risk. Covers treatment with medicines, cardioversion, and catheter ablation.
Most people with atrial fibrillation don't have to change their daily activities. You can live well and safely with atrial fibrillation. There are some precautions you can take to prevent problems from atrial fibrillation. For example, tell your doctor about any activities that trigger an episode of atrial fibrillation...
An atrial septal defect is an opening in the wall that separates the upper chambers of the heart. It is one of the most common congenital heart defects, which are structural problems that develop before a baby is born or at birth. When an atrial septal defect is present, some oxygen-rich blood that should have...
Atrophic vaginitis occurs when the lining of the vagina becomes thin and fragile because of decreased estrogen levels, usually during and after menopause. Symptoms include vaginal dryness, vaginal burning and irritation, pain during sexual intercourse, and/or bleeding after sexual intercourse.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a problem with paying attention and focusing on tasks. People who have ADHD tend to act without thinking and have trouble sitting still. ADHD may begin in early childhood and can continue into adulthood. Without treatment, it can cause problems at home, at school, at...
Atypical squamous cells (ASC) are abnormal cells found on a Pap test, but the reason for the abnormalities is not known. The causes of ASC include infection and inflammation. ASC is further classified as: ASC of undetermined significance (ASC-US). ASC but cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL)...
The auditory nerve carries sound impulses from the inner ear to the brain. The brain "unscrambles" the auditory signals to make them recognizable as sounds.
Aura is the term used to describe symptoms that may occur before a seizure. An aura may include: Visual changes. Examples include: Bright lights. Zigzag lines. Slowly spreading spots. Distortions in the size or shape of objects. Blind or dark spots in the field of vision. Hearing voices or sounds (auditory...
Discusses autism, an autism spectrum disorder (once known as a pervasive developmental disorder). Looks at signs of autism, including problems talking or repetitive behaviors. Covers behavioral and physical exams used to diagnose autism. Covers treatment options.
Once known as pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs), autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is an umbrella term used to define a class of disorders. Disorders that are included in this class are: Autism. Asperger's syndrome. Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD). Until recently, people were diagnosed with one of the...
Behavioral training teaches people of all ages who have autism how to communicate appropriately. This type of training can reduce behavior problems and improve adaptation skills. Both behavioral training and behavioral management use positive reinforcement to improve behavior. They also use social skills training to...
What is a stem cell transplant? Most stem cells are in your bone marrow. You also have some in your blood that circulate from your bone marrow. Bone marrow stem cells turn into red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets to help your body stay healthy. If your bone marrow is attacked by a...
How the heart's electrical system works In a normal heart, electrical impulses pace the rhythm at which the heart contracts and relaxes. The sinoatrial (SA) node triggers the electrical impulse, causing the upper chambers (atria) to contract. The signal travels through the atrioventricular (AV) node to the...
What is bird flu? Bird flu is an infection caused by a certain kind of avian influenza virus. Although there are many kinds of bird flu, the most common kinds that concern health workers are H5N1 and H7N9 bird flu viruses. These viruses are found in wild birds. Most of the time, wild birds don't...
Hospitals are full of sick people, so they have a lot of germs. And although health care workers do their best to kill germs and protect patients, they can't always prevent infections. Hospital infections can be very serious, especially if you're already weak from whatever illness or problem put you in the hospital in...
What is mercury? Mercury is a metal found naturally in the environment. Human activities, such as farming, burning coal, and using mercury in manufacturing, increase the mercury cycling through the air, water, and soil. In water, mercury changes its form and becomes methylmercury. Fish absorb this mercury. When you eat...
What is an avulsion fracture? An avulsion fracture occurs when an injury causes a ligament or tendon to break off (avulse) a small piece of a bone that's attached to it. The ligament or tendon also may be damaged. This type of injury can happen in the hip, ankle, knee, heel, elbow, or pelvis. What...
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