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Browse our complete A-Z directory of healthcare terms and entities.
Showing 200 entries starting with "G" of type "General"
G. Frederick Wooten Jr., MD - Neurology Dr. G. Frederick Wooten reviews medical content for Healthwise, a nonprofit organization with a mission to help people make better health decisions. Dr. Wooten is Professor of Neurology at the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center in Charlottesville, Virginia. His clinical and research interests include movement disorders, Parkinson's...
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Aprenda lo que sucede antes y durante una gammagrafía tiroidea y lo que la prueba trata de detectar.
Inicio de la páginaGanglios linfáticosLos ganglios linfáticos son parte del sistema linfático, que transporta líquido linfático, nutrientes y material de desecho entre los tejidos del cuerpo y el torrente sanguíneo. Los tres sitios más comunes donde se inflaman los ganglios son el cuello, las axilas y la ingle. El sistema linfático también es una parte...
Inicio de la páginaGanglios linfáticos inflamadosLos ganglios linfáticos son estructuras pequeñas en forma de frijol (habichuela) que se encuentran en el cuerpo. Son parte del sistema linfático, que transporta el líquido linfático, nutrientes y material de desecho entre los tejidos del cuerpo y el torrente sanguíneo. El sistema linfático es parte del sistema inmunitario, el...
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a method that combines the features of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample. Applications of GC-MS include drug detection, fire investigation, environmental analysis, explosives investigation, and identification of unknown samples. GC-MS can also be used in airport security to detect substances in luggage...
Discusses gastroesophageal reflux disease. Covers main symptom of heartburn, caused by stomach acid and juices flowing from the stomach back into the esophagus. Covers treatment with medicines and surgery. Offers tips on lifestyle changes to help manage GERD.
Gavin W. G. Chalmers, DPM, FACFAS - Podiatry and Podiatric Surgery Dr. Gavin Chalmers reviews medical content for Healthwise, a nonprofit organization with a mission to help people make better health decisions. Dr. Chalmers specializes in Podiatry and Podiatric Surgery with special interest in conservative and surgical treatment of foot deformities, infections, diseases, and injuries....
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Genetic testing is the process of analyzing an individual's DNA to detect mutations or changes that may lead to genetic disorders or diseases. The importance of genetic testing lies in its potential to offer early detection, prevention, and personalized treatment options for a variety of conditions. Common types of genetic testing include diagnostic, carrier, predictive,...
Genetic distance refers to the genetic divergence between species or between populations within a species. It is measured by a variety of parameters. Smaller genetic distances indicate a close genetic relationship whereas large genetic distances indicate a more distant genetic relationship. Genetic distance can be used to compare the genetic similarity between different species, such...
Georgia: Don't Be Silenced – A Comprehensive Guide to Defeating Health Insurance Denials in the Peach State Facing a health insurance denial in Georgia can feel like navigating Atlanta’s tangled highways at rush hour—overwhelming, but manageable with the right tools. This expanded guide combines Georgia’s latest laws, 2025 legislative updates, and actionable strategies to help...
Learn why you may need to take medicine when you have gestational diabetes.
Learn about gestational diabetes and what you can do to have a healthy pregnancy.
In this article, you will learn how to get a pap test and what it means for your health. What's a Pap test? There are many types of medical care that can help keep women healthy. One of these is getting a pap test. A pap test is also called a pelvic exam, pelvic exam,...
It's the responsibility of the patient to know their own body and get themselves to see a physician as soon as they experience any change in their health. You'll need good common sense and self-motivation. Men often say, "I'll wait until I see a doctor because I can't believe that anything is wrong." "I'll wait...
Learn why making a plan for getting help when you leave the hospital will help you heal.
Loosen up and learn the basics of stretching.
What is ginkgo biloba? Ginkgo extract, from the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree, has been used for thousands of years in traditional Chinese medicine. It also is the most commonly used herbal medicine in Europe. Although the benefits of ginkgo are not entirely understood, it is known that ginkgo has properties that may...
Why is foot care important in diabetes? When you have diabetes, your feet need a little more care. Diabetes can damage the nerve endings and blood vessels in your feet and make it more difficult for your body to fight infection. So it’s important to keep your feet healthy and injury-free, so you don’t develop...
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Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), WHO classification name "glioblastoma", is the most common and most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in humans, involving glial cells and accounting for 52% of all functional tissue brain tumor cases and 20% of all intracranial tumors. GBM is rare, with incidence of 2–3 cases per 100,000 in Europe and North America....
Do you want to know how to make the changes you've been wanting to make in your diet? The Healthy Eating Learning Center has what you need. It has a lot of helpful information, all in one convenient place. Learn about diets, supplements, or nutrition labels. Find what you're looking for right here! How can...
Top of the page Gum Disease Topic OverviewWhat is gum disease? Gum disease is an infection of the tissues and bones that surround and support the teeth. It is also called periodontal disease. There are two types of gum disease: Gingivitis (say "jin-juh-VY-tus") is gum disease that affects only the gums, the soft tissue that...
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Incidence and Mortality Estimated new cases and deaths from gallbladder (and other biliary) cancer in the United States in 2019: New cases: 12,360. Deaths: 3,960. Cancer that arises in the gallbladder is uncommon. Clinical Features The most common symptoms caused by gallbladder cancer are jaundice, pain, and fever...
Gallbladder cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the gallbladder. Gallbladder cancer is a rare disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ that lies just under the liver in the upper abdomen. The...
The gallbladder is a small sac under the liver that stores and concentrates bile, a fluid that helps the body digest fats. After a meal, the gallbladder contracts and releases bile through the common bile duct into the small intestine.
The gallbladder is a small sac under the liver that stores and concentrates bile, a fluid that helps the body digest fats. After a meal, the gallbladder contracts and releases bile through the common bile duct into the small intestine.
Courtesy of Intermountain Medical Imaging, Boise, Idaho. Figure 1 shows normal flow of bile in the system. Figure 2 shows a gallbladder that is not contracting normally.
Several conditions or situations may require surgery to remove the gallbladder. Surgery usually is needed when: Your gallbladder suddenly becomes inflamed or infected (cholecystitis). Gallstones cause repeated attacks of pain. You have growths called polyps in the gallbladder, usually larger than 0.4 in. (1 cm), that...
Discusses gallstones, which are hard stones in the gallbladder. Covers causes and symptoms. Discusses what increases your risk and offers prevention tips. Covers treatment options, including bile acid, lithotripsy, ERCP, and laparoscopic and open surgery.
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is a protein (enzyme) that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. It is found mainly in the liver and the bile ducts. A blood test to measure GGT levels is done to check for liver damage, especially damage caused by heavy alcohol use. A GGT test is usually done along with...
Gardner's syndrome is a rare inherited condition in which thousands of small protruding growths of excess tissue (polyps) develop in the stomach, upper portion of the intestine (duodenum), and colon. The polyps caused by this syndrome usually appear around age 15 and may develop into colon cancer. People who have...
Dr. Gary A. Fantini is a male vascular surgery in New York, NY. Dr. Gary graduated from Albert Einstein College Of Medicine Of Yeshiva University in 1983. He is licensed to practice by the state board in New York.
What is gas? Gas (flatus) is made in the stomach and intestines as your body breaks down food into energy. All people pass gas, some people more than others. It is normal to pass gas from 6 to 20 times per day. What causes gas? Common causes of gas include: Swallowed air. If swallowed air...
Gastric bypass is surgery to make the stomach smaller and change the connection between the stomach and the intestines. The small intestine is attached to a new opening made in the stomach (above the double row of staples). The two parts of the small intestine are connected so that the unused part of the stomach...
Incidence and Mortality Estimated new cases and deaths from gastric cancer in the United States in 2019: New cases: 27,510. Deaths: 11,140. Epidemiology Management of adenocarcinoma histology, which accounts for 90% to 95% of all gastric malignancies, is discussed in this summary. There are changing epidemiologic...
Looks at sleeve gastrectomy, a type of weight-loss surgery for obesity. Explains what it is and why it is done. Looks at how it is done and what to expect after surgery. Also covers risks.
Gastroenterologists are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the digestive system, such as hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and colon or rectal cancer. Gastroenterologists may perform many specialized tests, such as endoscopy, to diagnose or treat diseases. When...
A gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor is cancer that forms in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is part of the body's digestive system. It helps to digest food, takes nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water) from food to be used by the body and...
Gastrointestinal complications (constipation, impaction, bowel obstruction, diarrhea, and radiation enteritis) are common problems for oncology patients. The growth and spread of cancer, as well as its treatment, contribute to these conditions. Constipation is the slow movement of feces through the large intestine that...
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is part of the digestive system, which processes nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water) in foods that are eaten and helps pass waste material out of the body. The GI tract includes the stomach and intestines (bowels). The stomach is a J-shaped organ in...
Epidemiology Although they comprise fewer than 1% of all gastrointestinal (GI) tumors, GIST are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the GI tract. It has been estimated that there are 3,300 to 6,000 new GIST cases per year in the United States. A study based on Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)...
Gastroparesis is a disorder in which the stomach takes too long to empty after eating. The delay is caused by damage to the stomach nerves and results in bloating, heartburn, and possibly serious symptoms because digestion is altered. Diabetes is the most common cause of gastroparesis. Other causes include some...
What is gastroparesis? After a meal, the stomach normally empties in 1½ to 2 hours. When you have gastroparesis, your stomach takes a lot longer to empty. The delay results in bothersome and possibly serious symptoms because digestion is altered. Bezoar is a fairly rare condition related to gastroparesis. In this...
Dr. Gaurav Malhotra is a female internal medicine in Mount Kisco, NY. Dr. Gaurav graduated in 2007. She is licensed to practice by the state board in New York.
Here, we report that the commercial SHH inhibitor GDC-0449 reverses fibroblast-induced resistance to doxorubicin in Smoothened (SMO)-positive pancreatic cancer cells by downregulating SHH signaling proteins. The combination of GDC-0449 and Dox did not show benefits over a single treatment of Dox in tumor cells (Fig. GDC-0449 increased the apoptotic rate from 6.82% (Dox alone) to...
A vaginal pessary is a removable device placed into the vagina. A Gellhorn pessary is designed to support areas of pelvic organ prolapse and can be used in cases of prolapse of the uterus, bladder, rectum, and small bowel, as well as vaginal vault prolapse.
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A gene is a section of the genetic material or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in a cell. Genes, alone or in combination, determine what features (genetic traits) a person inherits from his or her parents, such as blood type, hair color, eye color, and other characteristics, including risks for certain diseases. Many genes...
Anesthesia is a way to control pain using anesthetic medicine. General anesthesia, which can be injected into a vein or inhaled, affects the entire body and makes the person unconscious. A person under general anesthesia is completely unaware of what is going on and does not feel pain during the surgery or procedure...
General anesthesia is a combination of medicines that you inhale or receive through a needle in a vein to cause you to become unconscious. It affects your whole body. Under anesthesia, you should be completely unaware and not feel pain during the surgery or procedure. General anesthesia also causes forgetfulness...
Generalized breast lumpiness, also called fibrocystic breast changes or benign (noncancerous) breast disease, is a common breast condition. Generalized breast lumpiness tends to become more noticeable before a menstrual period and can often be felt in both breasts around the nipple and in the upper, outer part of the...
The generic name is the chemical name of a medicine. This name is the same no matter how many companies manufacture the medicine. When a company makes a medicine, they give it a brand name (or trade name). A generic name medicine can be made by more than one company. And each company may have...
Genes determine what you inherit from your parents, from blood type and hair color to certain diseases. Changes in genes or chromosomes may cause health problems. We have hundreds of topics to answer your questions about genetic conditions. Maybe you're wondering about your baby's risk for disease or how to care for a...
Working as part of a team of doctors and other health professionals, genetic counselors provide education and support to families with members who have birth defects or genetic conditions such as sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, or hemophilia. They also look at test results and family histories to see how likely a...
Genes influence your weight by their effect on: How calories are used (energy metabolism). Some people use calories efficiently—they need fewer calories to fuel the body, which can result in "leftover" calories being stored as fat. Other people use calories less efficiently—they need more calories to fuel the body, so...
This executive summary reviews the topics covered in this PDQ summary on the genetics of kidney cancer (renal cell cancer), with hyperlinks to detailed sections below that describe the evidence on each topic. Inheritance and Risk Renal cell cancer (RCC), which is distinct from kidney cancer that involves the renal...
This executive summary reviews the topics covered in this PDQ summary on the genetics of skin cancer, with hyperlinks to detailed sections below that describe the evidence on each topic. Inheritance and Risk More than 100 types of tumors are clinically apparent on the skin; many are known to have familial and/or...
What are genes? Genes are the part of a body cell that contain the biological information that parents pass to their children. Genes control the growth and development of cells. Genes are made of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), a substance inside the center (nucleus) of cells that contains instructions for the development...
Discusses genital herpes, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 or HSV-2). Covers symptoms and treatment, including care during pregnancy. Covers what increases your risk and offers prevention tips.
Genital warts are skin growths on or around the genitals or anus. They are caused by a virus that's spread by sexual contact. Genital warts may continue to grow and spread, or they may go away with or without treatment. They often come back after treatment.
Geographic tongue occurs when patches of the rough surface (papillae) of the tongue disappear, sometimes rapidly. The absence of papillae makes those parts of the tongue appear to look like a map, with smooth, bright red areas. The cause of geographic tongue is not known, although it could be linked with allergies. In...
Dr. George A. Falk is a male internal medicine in New York, NY. Dr. George graduated from Harvard Medical School in 1964. He is licensed to practice by the state board in Connecticut.
Dr. George T. Cyril is a male physical medicine and rehabilitation in New York, NY. Dr. George graduated from in 2009. He is licensed to practice by the state board in New York.
The backup, or reflux, of stomach acids and juices into the esophagus that occurs with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can wear away (erode) the lining of the esophagus and cause sores, called ulcers. GERD is caused when stomach acid and juices reflux into the esophagus. This happens when the valve between the...
NOTE: The information in this summary is no longer being updated and is provided for reference purposes only. This cancer information summary provides an overview of the Gerson therapy as a treatment for people with cancer. The summary includes a brief history of the development of the Gerson therapy; a review of...
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a broad term encompassing both benign and malignant growths arising from products of conception in the uterus. Incidence and Mortality The reported incidence of GTD varies widely worldwide, from a low of 23 per 100,000 pregnancies (Paraguay) to a high of 1,299 per 100,000...
Guide to the basics on all parts of Medicare The United States Medicare program is managed by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Medicare is health insurance offered by the federal government to certain U.S. citizens and permanent residents of five of more years. Additionally, eligible individual must be either age 65 or older,...
When you're facing a tough health care decision, you may have a hard time knowing what to do. Is surgery the answer? Is that expensive test the right choice? Is it best to get treatment, or watch and wait? To answer the big questions, it's a good idea to talk to more than one doctor....
Why is it important to get enough calcium and vitamin D? Your body needs vitamin D to absorb calcium. Calcium keeps your bones and muscles—including your heart—healthy and strong. People who do not get enough calcium and vitamin D throughout life have an increased chance of having thin and brittle bones ( osteoporosis )...
How much dietary iron is recommended each day? Recommended daily amounts of iron from food 1 Men Adult 8 mg Women Adult (age 50 and older) 8 mg Adult (ages 19 to 50) 18 mg Pregnant 27 mg Lactating 9 mg to 10 mg Adolescents (ages 9 to 18) Girls 8 mg to 15 mg...
Immunization, or more commonly referred to as vaccination, is a preventative medical procedure designed to prepare one’s immune system of potential viruses and diseases. The procedure commonly involves the injection (or nasal spray in some cases) of an already dead version of a virus to prepare your immune system in the event that a live...
When your back hurts all or most of the time, it can affect more than just your body. There's an emotional side to chronic pain. You may need a shoulder to cry on or someone to talk to. You need support. Support groups—where you meet or talk to people who are dealing with the same...
Giant cell arteritis, or temporal arteritis, is an inflammation of the arteries. It often occurs in the side of the face near the temple. The artery may appear swollen and be tender.
Covers symptoms of giant cell arteritis, which include vision problems and pain in the jaw. Covers how this condition is treated.
What is giardiasis? Giardiasis (say "jee-ar-DYE-uh-sus") is an infection of the intestines caused by the parasite Giardia lamblia. The illness, also called giardia (say "jee-AR-dee-uh"), is most often a problem in undeveloped countries where tap water is not safe. How can you become infected with giardia? You may become...
Gigantism is a condition that can be caused by abnormally high levels of human growth hormone (GH) during childhood. High GH levels cause an affected child to grow extremely tall. The excess GH is usually produced by a tumor in the pituitary gland. The effects of gigantism can be prevented with medicine if the condition...
We believe patient-reported and behavior data belongs in an EMR. Here are our thoughts on how that could work - what else would you suggest? Search “EMR” on Google images, and you’ll get rows of dense layouts featuring prescription data, lab results and symptom lists. It is mostly biometric data that is seen as the...
Gingivitis is a gum disease that causes red, swollen gums that bleed easily when brushed. It is caused by the bacteria in plaque, which can irritate the gums. It can be prevented, treated, and reversed by brushing twice a day and flossing once a day. If gingivitis is not treated, the bacteria that cause it...
Gum disease (periodontal disease) occurs when plaque is allowed to build up on the teeth and the gums (also called the gingiva). Gingivitis is a type of gum disease that can be reversed. It causes red, swollen gums that bleed easily when brushed.
Dr. Giorgio Perino is a male pathology in New York, NY. Dr. Giorgio graduated in 1979. He is licensed to practice by the state board in New York.
Cleaning the injection site Clean the site. If you use alcohol to clean the skin, let it dry. Pinching the skin Slightly pinch a fold of skin between your fingers and thumb of one hand. Inserting the needle Push the needle all the way into the pinched-up area. Pushing the plunger in Let go of...
Glandular cells are a type of cell found in the cervix and the lining of the uterus (endometrium). Glandular cells are involved in the menstrual cycle and in the production of cervical mucus. Glandular cells found on a Pap test may be normal, abnormal, or cancerous. Abnormal cells, called atypical glandular cells...
In the treatment of glaucoma, your eye doctor will try to reduce the risk of damage to your optic nerve by keeping your eye pressure ( intraocular pressure, or IOP) from rising above a certain level. That level of pressure is called your target pressure. By reducing the risk of optic nerve damage, maintaining the...
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The glomeruli (say "gluh-MAIR-yuh-lee") are tiny blood vessels in the kidneys. They help move blood across the membrane of the kidney to filter wastes from the bloodstream.
Gloria hasn't always been an active person. Until she retired a few years ago, she didn't have time, she says. Her job at the local college as an administrative assistant kept her busy. And after work, she just didn't have enough energy—or interest—to do any exercise. After she retired, there were other things to keep...
What are glucosamine and chondroitin? Glucosamine and chondroitin are part of normal cartilage. Cartilage acts as a cushion between the bones in a joint. Glucosamine, also called chitosamine, is a natural substance that is found in the covering of shellfish. It is available in different forms, including glucosamine...
Gluteal free flap is a less common type of breast reconstruction surgery. The surgeon cuts a flap of muscle, fat, and skin from the buttocks and moves it to the chest to create a new breast. The blood vessels are also cut. After the flap is in place, the surgeon sews the blood vessels in...
Gluten is a form of protein found in many grains, including wheat, barley, rye, and triticale (a wheat-rye cross).
Glycemic index refers to a food's ability to raise blood sugar to a particular level within a given period of time. Glycemic index applies only to carbohydrate foods because they are the foods that most affect blood sugar levels. Some starchy foods have a high glycemic index. These foods may cause high blood sugar...
Covers blood test that checks the amount of sugar (glucose) bound to hemoglobin. Explains that test is done to check how well you are managing your diabetes. Covers how it is done and discusses results.
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Last week, Kaiser Permanente published a report finding that health information technology can significantly help the environment. One astonishing finding showed the transition to electronic health records (EHR) could lower carbon dioxide emissions by as much as 1.7 million tons across the entire U.S. population. (The pollution equivalent of taking 300,000 cars off the roads...